Why are Asian women aspiring to Western ideals of beauty?
http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/features/why-are-asian-women-aspiring-to-western-ideals-of-beauty-2136868.htmlAsian and African women are aspiring to Western ideals of physical
perfection – and the results are far from pretty
By Yasmin Alibhai-Brown
Saturday, 20 November 2010
Five years ago, Kareena Kapoor, a top young actress in Bollywood, was
a typical Punjabi girl, buxom and shapely, luscious like sweet kulfi
ice-cream. Today, I imagine, kulfi would make her heave and biryani is
never on her plate. For, you see, Kareena saw the light, and today she
is svelte and sinewy enough to jog on the streets of LA and wear the
tightest of designer jeans. Her millions of fans have gone crazy, they
speculate on the web about her amazing diet and want to copy her
example. Size zero has arrived in India.
The singer Katy Perry went trad Indian for her wedding to the comedian
Russell Brand last month, but sophisticated Indian women want to be
like her before the makeover. Reena, a Mumbai make-up artist I spoke
to is scathing. "Silly girl, Katy, going for retro like that.
Elephants and garish colours - really, how low class! Makes us look so
backward. Really, don't they know we are modernising? Our designers
and models could be on catwalks in Paris and Milan now. We got the
message." And how.
Student Mika Bhatia, 21, a Californian of Indian origin says urban
India is cutting off from its own history and ways of life recklessly
and hastily: "Fifteen years ago the American influence was absent and
women would dress in their traditional clothes, look great. Now it is
all about Western clothes. It's sad. It's happening so fast. I notice
it every time I go back." You can see similar trends in other
developing nations and emerging markets. Globalisation shrinks the
world in more ways than we think.
Sophie Kafeero was my roommate at university in Uganda, a wonderfully
vivacious African woman with a curvy body, pursued by male students.
"It wouldn't happen today she tells me. Young women who want to be
popular 'showcase' girlfriends are skinny, have to be." One young
woman at a local internet café so didn't want to be like her large
mother, she has become anorexic. Quacks offer Chinese potions to get
weight off. Business is booming.
Ugandan British solicitor Jennifer Nyeko Jones confirms these trends:
"The old posters are slowly fading – when large women were admired
because it meant they were living well. Western men who go to Africa
looking for girls are bringing this idea too. African men are not
asking for it. Gyms are now everywhere, taking the place of popular
local beauty parlours."
Until 2000, no African woman had ever won Miss World, mainly because
the nations selected big lovelies with sassy walks, like the fictional
lady detective, Precious Ramotswe, of Alexander McCall Smith's
Botswana novels. Then in 2001, a Western scout found the Nigerian
Agbani Darego, tall, slim, small nose, large eyes, shiny skin. She was
duly crowned and became the new ideal beauty. AIDS is known as the
'slim disease' across the continent. Now another slim disease has
arrived.
Elsewhere the demand is for altered features. South Korean women have
their eyes de-orientalised for $800. In Singapore the men too opt for
surgery, like the stylist Alvin Goh, who says he now fits better into
the fashion industry. More nose jobs are done in Iran than any other
country on earth. In his project 'Love Me', about the global beauty
industry, the British photographer Zed Nelson last year raised the
spectre of a "eerily homogenised" world, dull and samey like a
prairie.
Along with goods and services, neuroses are also being exported, from
us in the West to them in the rest of the world. In the age of
exploration Europeans unknowingly introduced their diseases into
populations which had no immunity to protect them. The viruses now
transmitted abroad are carried on the backs of unbridled consumerism
and free enterprise.
We need to face up to what that has done to our own societies and
debate the ethics of the economic model that creates misery and
dissatisfaction and cashes in on it. And then ask ourselves by what
right we inflict the same and worse on other civilizations.
Western women are programmed and controlled by the peddlers of
physical perfection even though from time to time we like to imagine
we have pulled ourselves free. Take Christina Hendricks, the
stupendously voluptuous Joan Holloway in Mad Men, apparently the
nemesis of zealous body regulators who only exalt females with lovely
bones and small, pert, boobs. Hers are prodigious knockers, and then
there's the door-sized bum and that animal walk, inviting and yet
mean. Propping her up and out, though, are engineering miracles and
feminine suffering we can but imagine. Fashionistas are ordering
corsets with padded seats from Rio; Prada frocks pay homage to her
shape and Esquire crowns her the 'best looking woman in America.' The
equalities minister Lynne Featherstone believes the actress is a
'fabulous' role model and is setting up discussions with people from
the fashion and media industries to get them to change models from
little to large and boost female confidence. But for these merchants
small is bountiful, brings in mega profits. Women with meat on them
are unsightly, no good as bait. True, public effusion breaks out
seasonally when, on TV, Nigella invites millions to drool over her
puddings. Beth Ditto and Ruth Jones from the popular series Gavin and
Stacy, and dear old Anne Widdicombe are fat and proud but the appeal
for most is freakish. The idolatry of Hendricks too is more hope than
expectation. Like a modern day Botticelli maiden, she rises out of the
sea, briefly, before going under again.
Upholders of beauty exploit the inadequacies of a weak and needy post-
modern society that must be told what to be. The exceptions above
can't overturn the rules. Smart, successful, aspirational people are
lean or must try to be.
The scale and penetration of such messaging in modern times is
unprecedented. Academic Kate Fox of the Social Issues Research Centre
warned way back in 1998: "Advances in technology has caused normal
concerns about how we look to become obsessions... we have become
accustomed to rigid and uniform standards of beauty...on TV billboards
and magazines, we see 'beautiful people' all the time, more often than
members of our own family, making exceptional good looks seem real,
normal and attainable."
For the comedian and writer Arabella Weir this trickery leads to
perpetual dissatisfaction: "The celeb culture holds up the thin look,
rarefied and glamorous women and at the same time it invites us to see
them as ordinary - we can have a life just like them. See Cheryl Cole?
We can buy copies of her shoes and be her." Except we can't.
You could argue that every age has beauty prototypes and evanescence
is the handmaiden of capitalism. Women have been made to conform to
templates within all social systems. The horrendous corsets of the
Victorian era broke their bodies and girdles of the Fifties severely
controlled the feminine form. Then the corsets became mental. Weir's
poignant new book, The Real Me Is Thin describes how her parents, both
academics, believed girls had to be thin, "to please men, to be
fantasised about." The child was forbidden pudding, the extra potato.
Her mother said watching Arabella eat was like having hot knives poked
into her eyes. Most young woman interviewed for her book confessed
they would not have dessert on a first date. Gluttony puts men off,
they fear.
However, even until the late Nineties, the idea of beauty was not
squeezed into one thin tube. Stars could still came in different
shapes and sizes. The supermodels of the 1980s were strong-looking and
broad-shouldered. Before that, Audrey Hepburn and Twiggy were thought
stunning, so too Ava Gardener, Liz Taylor, Sophia Loren and Marilyn
Monroe. In 2010, even the shapely Liz Hurley seems too fleshy; model
Lara Stone (size 8) is thought daringly "curvy" and dream girl Cheryl
Cole has melted down to size zero, the official size for the young,
female and lionized. Kareena Kapoor is only following the new
cosmopolitan aesthetics.
Thousands of years ago, Plato tried to codify facial attractiveness
and, since then, researchers into beauty have found that symmetry and
certain features have universal appeal. But to offset homogeneity is
that other evolutionary imperative - variety. In his Descent of Man,
Darwin asserted: "It is certainly not true that there is in the mind
of man any universal standard of beauty with respect to the human
body. It is, however, possible that certain tastes, in the course of
time, become inherited."
Anorexic chic has gone way beyond inherited taste; it ensnares
millions, imperils the future itself. Intelligent women feel caught in
the vice. As Mika Bhatia says: "There's such an obsession with being
skinny. I wish I could say that I am removed from all of that but I
don't think I am. I have always felt I had to work on my appearance
and stay thin even though I know what can happen. A close female
relative who was at UCLA has developed a eating disorder." Bhatia's
family are the new globetrotters, with the gain that brings and tragic
losses too.
Dutch literature undergraduate Mia De Graf, 19, grapples with the same
dilemmas: "It's so mundane, having this single idea of beauty across
the world, also so detrimental to our mental health. I am never
repulsed when I see old paintings of women with larger figures, but it
is weird because now, you think, someone like that should go
Weightwatchers. Take the Rossetti painting Lillith, she is absolutely
beautiful but today her figure is too full to be beautiful."
Maria, 20, a nursery school assistant, daughter of Greek Cypriot
migrants, who looks like Bridget Jones, is so sick of being on diets
she is on anti-depressants instead: "How does Renee Zellweger get all
that weight off and I can't? I have even written to her to ask. I hate
myself, just a fucking failure. Look! Even my hands are fat. I can't
wear a thong - my tush is too fat." Her nails are bitten right down
and bleeding. Such deep misery in one fresh and lovely as a pink
peach. A poet might once have written about her bloom, but such beauty
has no place in our times.
These distorted values are dysphoric for all women. For British
Asians, these images had not, until recently, infected our eyes, nor
narrowed our tastes. There is among us an abhorrent acceptance of skin
colour hierarchies in which light is best. But on the whole, we
managed to avoid the brainwashing. The models and actresses didn't
look like us so we could ignore them. Not any more.
Soni, a teenage British Asian girl, whose name means lovely, can't
bear to look at herself. Alexa Chung struts through her dreams. Her
mother fears her daughter is going mad. Only as mad as most other
girls of her age: "Why can't she like herself? At 48 I think I look
good, little fat maybe, but so what? Even my mother likes her face.
But not Soni, my rose, born here. In my village back home, I looked in
the rivers and thought my face was so pretty. Soni says she will have
operations one day." Many of our daughters are in similar crises.
These are momentous and dangerous cultural shifts, warns
psychotherapist Gabrielle Rifkind: "Pressure on women as to how they
should look came from different forms - from family, partners and
friends. Now, it is the constant bombardment from the media and beauty
industry, and this leads to a reduction in their ability to be
independent of thought and creative in their own forms of self
expression - the autonomy of the mind. The sexualisation of their
image, expressed by very tight clothes and exposure of the body has
accentuated a deep experience of alienation from the body, as
expressed in rapid increase of anorexia and obesity."
A decade ago, writer Naomi Wolf foresaw the coming blight in her
seminal book, The Beauty Myth. She was subjected to extraordinary
vitriol for exposing the dark side of the beauty business. She lost;
they won. The most unachievable image of pulchritude are pressed it
into female psyches so they spend and cry. Natasha Walter, author of
Living Dolls, a book on young women today, admits feminists should
have been more vigilant: "I used to be blasé about beauty myths. It
was the concrete stuff that mattered - jobs equality and all that. Now
I can see how these industries fed into insecurities, spread a
punishing view of what it means to be aspirational, the idea of
failure. Its impact is huge." Especially, she says, among bright,
ambitious girls in sixth form colleges. When she was young, "You could
choose your persona and style. It was cool to look as if you weren't
trying too hard, to be eccentric." She did find that contemporary
black women were happier with their bodies and own individual choices.
(Good hair for them, though, as Chris Rock's 2009 candid film of the
same name showed, is straight and light, and many go through hell to
get that look)
Similarly, a study carried out in 2002 (Maya Poran, Sex Roles, Vol 47)
compared the self images of Latin, black and white women. Although all
groups agreed on what is thought to be perfect – white, slim, tall,
straight noses - black women did not let that affect their self
esteem. White and Latino women in contrast felt they did not match
up.
Some emerging economies seem frightfully keen on those manufactured
images of perfection. Nonita Karla, editor-in-chief of Elle India is
delighted that her readers want to join the dubious club: "Indians
have a more international concept of beauty," she says, "And we are
now more in sync with global views and values, now it is an
established fact. There is a global standard of beauty which is very
western influenced, but local ideals live on, side by side."
Geoffrey Jones, author of The History of the Global Beauty Industry is
less blasé: "The globalisation of mega-, celebrity- and luxury brands
provides compelling evidence of the 'flattening' of the world. These
brands are the carriers of the latest trends, which companies now seem
to be able to spread around the world, regardless of cultural
traditions, ethnicity or income levels." This latest rush carries on
from the periods of industrialisation and empire when white beauty
norms were transplanted to colonised lands. Before then, says Jones,
"Human societies had their own beauty ideals which differed sharply
from one another."
A scientist who asked to remain anonymouse tells me his famous
cosmetic firm has a grand plan: "Like tobacco companies they are going
hard for third world markets, creating a dependent consumer class,
gullible enough to believe the slick campaigns and polished lies. It
makes me sick." Old tastes cannot survive such determined onslaughts.
I loved the old Bollywood actresses, graceful, bosomy and wide with
soft bellies. With saris you cannot corset or hide much, nor did they
try. Age did not bother them either, stars like Meena Kumari, Rakhi,
Waheeda Rehman. To many young British women interviewed for this
article the actresses are 'gross', 'overweight', 'outdated'. Most
urban Indians would concur. Such a terrible shame that, especially in
an old land which we know, from cave sculptures, paintings and the
erotic Kama Sutra, celebrated the infinite diversity of the Indian
female form.
In her book Images of the Modern Women in Asia, Shoma Munshi writes:
"Up until the 1980s it was fine to be well rounded and voluptuous and
films and advertisements of the time reflect this. ...[now] the Indian
cinema and adverts reflect the arrival of the perfectly sculpted body
to meet exacting international standards." It is, she believes, to do
with a vast and growing middle class (125 million so far) who "swing
between their Indian traditions and an internalised transnational
identity more in keeping with global lifestyles".
And as with Starbucks, the reach is infinite, though some are managing
to resist the lure of the west. Just. In parts of Africa and Arabia
female beauties can have big hips, bellies and breasts. The pernicious
word 'perfect' has not yet entered their lexicon. I asked Jemima Khan
if she saw middle class Pakistan succumbing: "The country is more
conservative than India, particularly in terms of fashion and dress.
The shalwar khameez is designed to conceal a woman's figure. My sister-
in-law, for example, hid her pregnancy until a week before giving
birth. I couldn't tell even though I was living with her. Having said
that, I interviewed a top model/actress there recently and yes she was
minute, the Western ideal." Jemima's friend Suhair Khan believes
change is unavoidable: "India is much more affected by globalisation
but girls in Pakistan are now becoming conscious of being the 'right'
size, everyone from my own friends to the manicure girl in Karachi.
Those curvy film actresses are quite obviously a dying breed."
The only rebellion against this hegemony, believes Rifkind, is: "the
rise of enveloped clothing expressed through the burkha, hijab, niqab-
veiling- which could be seen as protection against the power of the
beauty industry." For us feminists that response also negates selfhood
and exerts conformity, pain without real gain.
More encouraging is how China manages modernity, says Livia Wang, an
Anglo-Chinese teenager : "There was definitely a time when students
dyed their hair and wore blue contact lenses, but as China opens up
economically, I feel the richer classes are returning to more
traditional ideas of beauty – maybe pre-communist imperial times.
China is quite proud - they have their own movie and pop stars they
look up to. So no I don't think the anxieties of western women are
being imported." But they may in the end not be able to hold out.
"There is an explicit correlation between the emergence of so-called
'international looks' and the opening up of the economy to
multinational corporations from the west," says Cambridge academic
Priyamvada Gopal believes. "Two Indian women won world beauty titles
in the N ineties - Aishwarya Rai and Sushmita Sen. Their arrival on
the pageant stage symbolised the arrival of India on the world stage
as an economic power to be reckoned with. It's what some scholars call
the 'economy of sameness' yoking all cultures to the same idea of
beauty which is linked to assimilating all countries into the same
economic model".
And the same mental disintegration. Young Soni is now self harming and
starving herself. On her wall she has posters of Keira Knightley and
Karina Kapoor, the beautiful looked up to by a new generation of the
damned in the globalised world.
With additional reporting by Hannah Ellis-Peterson
spoke to is scathing: "Silly girl, Katy, going for retro like that.
Elephants and garish colours – really, how low-class! Makes us look so
backward. Really, don't they know we are modernising? Our designers
and models could be on catwalks in Paris and Milan now. We got the
message." And how.
Mika Bhatia, a 21-year-old student and a Californian of Indian origin,
says urban India is ruthlessly cutting the ties from its history and
way of life: "Fifteen years ago, the American influence was absent and
women would dress in their traditional clothes and look great. Now,
it's all about Western clothes. It's sad. It's happening so fast." You
can see similar trends in other developing nations and emerging
markets. Globalisation shrinks the world in more ways than we think.
Sophie Kafeero was my roommate at university in Uganda. She was a
wonderfully vivacious African woman with a curvy body, pursued by male
students. "It wouldn't happen today," she tells me. "Young women who
want to be popular, 'showcase' girlfriends are skinny – they have to
be." One young woman I spoke to said she so didn't want to be like her
large mother that she has become anorexic. Quacks offer Chinese
potions to get weight off. Business is booming.
Ugandan British solicitor, Jennifer Nyeko Jones, confirms these
trends. "The old posters are slowly fading – when large women were
admired because it meant they were living well," she says. "Western
men who go to Africa looking for girls are bringing this idea, too.
African men are not asking for it. Gyms are now everywhere, taking the
place of popular local beauty parlours."
Until 2001, no black African woman had ever won the Miss World
competition, mainly because the nations selected big lovelies with
sassy walks. Then, a Western scout found the Nigerian, Agbani Darego:
tall, slim, small nose, large eyes, shiny skin. She was duly crowned
and became the new ideal beauty. Aids is known as the "slim disease"
across the continent. Now, another slim disease has arrived.
Elsewhere in the world, the demand is for altered features. South
Korean women can have their eyes de-orientalised for $800. More nose
jobs are done in Iran than any other country on earth. In his project
Love Me, about the global beauty industry, British photographer Zed
Nelson last year raised the spectre of an "eerily homogenised" world,
dull and samey like a prairie.
Along with goods and services, neuroses are also being exported, from
us in the West to them in the rest of the world. In the age of
exploration, Europeans unknowingly introduced their diseases into
populations which had no immunity to protect them. The viruses now
transmitted abroad are carried on the backs of consumerism and free
enterprise.
We need to face up to what that has done to our own societies and
debate the ethics of the economic model that creates misery and
dissatisfaction – and cashes in on it. And then ask ourselves, by what
right do we inflict the same and worse on other civilisations?
Western women are programmed and controlled by the peddlers of
physical perfection, even though from time to time we like to imagine
we have pulled ourselves free. Take Christina Hendricks, the
stupendously voluptuous Joan Holloway in the TV series Mad Men,
apparently the nemesis of zealous body regulators who only exalt
females with lovely bones and small, pert boobs. The MP Lynne
Featherstone believes the actress is a "fabulous" role model and is
setting up discussions with people from the fashion and media
industries to get them to change models from little to large and boost
female confidence. But for these merchants, small is bountiful – it
brings in mega-profits. Women with meat on them are unsightly; they're
no good as bait.
True, public effusion breaks out seasonally when, on TV, Nigella
invites millions to drool over her puddings. Beth Ditto, the singer,
Ruth Jones from the popular series Gavin and Stacey, and dear old Ann
Widdecombe are big and proud, but the appeal for most is freakish. The
idolatry of Hendricks, too, is more hope than expectation. Like a
modern-day Botticelli maiden, she rises out of the sea, briefly,
before going under again. The exceptions above can't overturn the
rules. Smart, successful, aspirational people are lean or must try to
be.
The scale and penetration of such messaging in modern times is
unprecedented. Academic Kate Fox, of the Social Issues Research
Centre, warned back in 1998: "Advances in technology have caused
normal concerns about how we look to become obsessions ... we have
become accustomed to rigid and uniform standards of beauty ... on TV
billboards and magazines, we see 'beautiful people' all the time,
making exceptional good looks seem real, normal and attainable".
For the comedian and writer, Arabella Weir, this trickery leads to
perpetual dissatisfaction: "The celeb culture holds up the thin look,
and at the same time it invites us to see this as ordinary – we can
have a life just like these people. See Cheryl Cole? We can buy copies
of her shoes and be her." Except we can't.
You could argue that every age has beauty prototypes and evanescence
is the handmaiden of capitalism. Women have been made to conform to
templates within all social systems. The horrendous corsets of the
Victorian era broke women's bodies and the girdles of the Fifties
severely controlled the feminine form.
Then the corsets became psychological. Weir's poignant new book, The
Real Me is Thin, describes how her parents, both academics, believed
girls had to be thin, "to please men, to be fantasised about". The
child was forbidden pudding or the extra potato. Her mother said that
watching Arabella eat was like having hot knives poked into her eyes.
Most young women interviewed for Weir's book confessed that they would
not have dessert on a first date. Gluttony puts men off, they fear.
However, even until the late Nineties, the Western idea of beauty was
not squeezed into one thin tube. Stars could still come in different
shapes and sizes. The supermodels of the 1980s were strong-looking and
broad-shouldered. Before that, Audrey Hepburn and Twiggy were thought
stunning, but so, too, Ava Gardner, Liz Taylor, Sophia Loren and
Marilyn Monroe. In 2010, even the shapely Liz Hurley seems too fleshy;
model Lara Stone (a size eight) is thought daringly "curvy" and dream
girl Cheryl Cole has melted down to size zero, the official size for
the young, female and lionised. Kareena Kapoor is only following the
new cosmopolitan aesthetics.
Thousands of years ago, Plato tried to codify facial attractiveness
and, since then, researchers into beauty have found that symmetry and
certain features have universal appeal. But to offset homogeneity is
that other evolutionary imperative – variety. In his Descent of Man,
Darwin asserted: "It is certainly not true that there is in the mind
of man any universal standard of beauty with respect to the human
body. It is, however, possible that certain tastes, in the course of
time, become inherited."
Anorexic chic has gone way beyond inherited taste; it ensnares
millions, imperils the future itself. Intelligent women feel caught in
the vice. As Mika Bhatia says: "There's such an obsession with being
skinny. I wish I could say that I am removed from all of that but I
don't think I am. I have always felt I had to work on my appearance
and stay thin, even though I know what can happen. A close female
relative who was at UCLA has developed an eating disorder." Bhatia's
family are the new globetrotters, with the gain – and tragic losses –
that brings. Maria is 20, a nursery school assistant and the daughter
of Greek-Cypriot migrants. She is so sick of being on diets that she
is on anti-depressants instead: "How does Renée Zellweger get all that
weight off and I can't? I have even written to her to ask. I hate
myself, just a fucking failure. Look! Even my hands are fat. I can't
wear a thong – my tush is too fat." A poet might once have written
about her bloom, but such beauty has no place in our times.
These distorted values are dysphoric for all women, but for British-
Asians, these images had not, until recently, infected our eyes, nor
narrowed our tastes. There is among us an abhorrent acceptance of skin
colour hierarchies in which light is best. But on the whole, we
managed to avoid the brainwashing. The models and actresses didn't
look like us so we could ignore them. Not any more.
Soni, a teenage British-Asian girl, whose name means "lovely", can't
bear to look at herself. The model and TV presenter Alexa Chung struts
through her dreams. Her mother fears her daughter is going mad. Only
as mad as other girls of her age. "Why can't she like herself? At 48,
I think I look good, a little fat maybe, but so what? Even my mother
likes her face. But not Soni, my rose, born here. In my village back
home, I looked in the rivers and thought my face was so pretty. Soni
says she will have operations one day." Many of our daughters are in
similar crises.
These are momentous and dangerous cultural shifts, warns the
psychotherapist Gabrielle Rifkind: "Pressure on women as to how they
should look came from different forms – from family, partners and
friends. Now, it is the constant bombardment from the media and beauty
industry, and this leads to a reduction in their ability to be
independent of thought and creative in their own forms of self-
expression – the autonomy of the mind. The sexualisation of their
image, expressed by very tight clothes and exposure of the body has
accentuated a deep experience of alienation from the body, as
expressed in rapid increase of anorexia and obesity."
Almost two decades ago, the writer Naomi Wolf foresaw the coming
blight in her seminal book, The Beauty Myth. She was subjected to
extraordinary vitriol for exposing the dark side of the beauty
business. She lost; they won. The most unachievable image of
pulchritude is pressed into female psyches so that women spend and
cry. Natasha Walter, author of Living Dolls, a book on young women
today, admits feminists should have been more vigilant: "I used to be
blasé about beauty myths. It was the concrete stuff that mattered –
jobs, equality and all that. Now I can see how these industries fed
into insecurities, spread a punishing view of what it means to be
aspirational, the idea of failure. Its impact is huge." Especially,
she says, among bright, ambitious girls in sixth-form colleges. When
she was young, "you could choose your persona and style. It was cool
to look as if you weren't trying too hard, to be eccentric."
Walter did find that contemporary black women were happier with their
bodies and own individual choices. Similarly, a study carried out in
2002 (Maya Poran, Sex Roles, Vol 47) compared the self-images of
Latin, black and white women. Although all groups agreed on what is
thought to be perfect – white, slim, tall, straight noses – black
women did not let that affect their self-esteem. White and Latino
women, in contrast, felt they did not match up.
Some emerging economies seem frightfully keen on those manufactured
images of perfection. Nonita Karla, editor-in-chief of Elle India, is
delighted that her readers want to join the dubious club. "Indians
have a more international concept of beauty," she says. "And we are
now more in sync with global views and values, now it is an
established fact. There is a global standard of beauty which is very
Western-influenced, but local ideals live on, side by side."
Geoffrey Jones, author of The History of the Global Beauty Industry,
is less sanguine: "The globalisation of mega, celebrity and luxury
brands provides compelling evidence of the 'flattening' of the world.
These brands are the carriers of the latest trends, which companies
now seem to be able to spread around the world, regardless of cultural
traditions, ethnicity or income levels." This latest rush carries on
from the periods of industrialisation and empire when white beauty
norms were transplanted to colonised lands. Before then, says Jones,
"human societies had their own beauty ideals which differed sharply
from one another."
i loved the old Bollywood actresses: graceful, bosomy and wide with
soft bellies. With saris you cannot corset or hide much, nor did they
try. Age did not bother stars such as Meena Kumari, Rakhi, Waheeda
Rehman. To many young British women interviewed for this article, the
actresses are "gross", "overweight", "outdated". Most urban Indians
would concur. Such a terrible shame, especially in an old land which
we know – from cave paintings and the erotic Kama Sutra – celebrated
the infinite diversity of the Indian female form.
In her book, Images of the Modern Woman in Asia, Shoma Munshi writes:
"Until the 1980s, it was fine to be well-rounded and voluptuous and
films and advertisements of the time reflected this ... [now] the
Indian cinema and adverts reflect the arrival of the perfectly
sculpted body to meet exacting international standards." It is, Munshi
believes, to do with a vast and growing middle-class in that country
(125 million so far) who "swing between their Indian traditions and an
internalised trans-national identity more in keeping with global
lifestyles".
As with Starbucks, the reach is infinite, though some are managing to
resist the lure of the West. Just. In parts of Africa and Arabia,
female beauties can have big hips, bellies and breasts. The pernicious
word "perfect" has not yet entered their lexicon. I asked Jemima Khan
if she saw middle-class Pakistan succumbing to Western tastes. "The
country is more conservative than India," she explains, "particularly
in terms of fashion and dress. The salwar kameez is designed to
conceal a woman's figure. My sister-in-law, for example, hid her
pregnancy until a week before giving birth. Having said that, I
interviewed a top model/actress there recently and, yes she was minute
– the Western ideal."
The only rebellion against this hegemony, believes Rifkind, is "the
rise of enveloped clothing expressed through the burka, hijab and
niqab – veiling, which could be seen as protection against the power
of the beauty industry". For us feminists, that response also negates
selfhood and exerts conformity, pain without real gain.
More encouraging is how China manages modernity, says Livia Wang, an
Anglo-Chinese teenager I spoke to. "There was definitely a time when
students dyed their hair and wore blue contact lenses, but as China
opens up economically, I feel the richer classes are returning to more
traditional ideas of beauty – maybe pre-Communist, imperial times.
China is quite proud – they have their own movie and pop stars they
look up to." But they may, in the end, not be able to hold out.
"There is an explicit correlation between the emergence of so-called
'international looks' and the opening up of the economy to
multinational corporations from the West," says the Cambridge academic
Priyamvada Gopal. "Two Indian women won world beauty titles in the
Nineties – Aishwarya Rai and Sushmita Sen. Their arrival on the
pageant stage symbolised the arrival of India on the world stage as an
economic power to be reckoned with. It's what some scholars call the
'economy of sameness', yoking all cultures to the same idea of beauty,
which is linked to assimilating all countries into the same economic
model."
And the same mental disintegration. Young Soni is now self-harming and
starving herself. On her wall she has posters of Keira Knightley and
Karina Kapoor, the beautiful looked up to by a new generation of the
damned in the globalised world.
Additional reporting by Hannah Ellis-Peterson
--
Truth resides in every human heart, and one has to search for it there, and to be guided by truth as one sees it. But no one has a right to coerce others to act according to his own view of truth. - Mohandas Gandhi
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